Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Context of Global Biodiversity Agreements: Pathways to Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems

Abstract

The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF), adopted under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 2022, and the United Nations High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Agreement) of 2023 represent landmark efforts to address global biodiversity loss. Fisheries and aquaculture are integral to these agreements, influencing key targets such as sustainable aquatic ecosystem management (Target 10), reduction of species extinction risk (Target 4), and elimination of harmful subsidies (Target 18). This paper provides a detailed statistical and policy analysis of the interactions between fisheries, aquaculture, and biodiversity conservation. Using data from the FAO, IUCN, IPBES, and OECD, we assess trends in overfishing, aquaculture expansion, bycatch impacts, and habitat degradation. We also evaluate the effectiveness of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and sustainable aquaculture practices in meeting GBF objectives. Our findings suggest that while progress has been made, accelerated policy implementation, stricter enforcement of fishing regulations, and investment in eco-friendly aquaculture are essential to achieving the 2030 biodiversity targets.