An Overall Review On Microbial Degradation Of Keratin Containing Waste Products

Abstract

Keratin is a structural fibrous protein found in feathers, hair, wool, horns, hooves, and similar materials. It emphasizes the environmental challenges associated with keratin waste, as it is often discarded through dumping, burial, or incineration, leading to public health concerns and contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. Keratin's molecular structure makes it exceptionally durable and resistant to degradation. The protein consists of densely packed polypeptide chains, enriched with cysteine residues that form strong intermolecular bonds, giving keratin its toughness and tensile strength. As a result, keratin waste is considered recalcitrant, meaning it resists breakdown through natural processes. The review highlights that physical and chemical methods of keratin degradation have limitations, such as being inefficient, expensive, or environmentally harmful. Instead, the focus shifts to biological methods for processing keratin waste. Soil is identified as the natural habitat where diverse microbial populations (mainly bacteria and fungi) thrive, many of which possess the ability to degrade keratin. These microorganisms produce specialized enzymes, called keratinases, which break down the tough keratin structure. The review further explores the potential and applications of keratinase enzymes in various industries, including waste management, textile, and leather industries. It discusses the benefits of using biological methods, as they are more environmentally friendly and sustainable compared to traditional chemical approaches. Additionally, the review touches on the growing interest in the recombinant production of keratinase. Genetic engineering techniques are being used to enhance the production, bioavailability, and efficiency of keratinase enzymes. The recombinant approach could significantly improve the scalability of keratin waste degradation, making it more feasible for industrial applications. In conclusion, the review underlines the importance of exploring biological methods, especially microbial degradation, as a promising alternative for keratin waste management, with a special focus on the role of keratinases and their recombinant production.