Therapeutic Role of Medicinal Plants in Combating Air Pollution-Induced Inflammation and Anxiety

Abstract

Air pollution, particularly fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅), is a major global health concern, contributing to various acute and chronic diseases. PM₂.₅ induces oxidative stress and inflammation, leading to cardiovascular, respiratory, and neuropsychiatric disorders, including anxiety and depression. In India, energy practices significantly contribute to both indoor and outdoor air pollution, highlighting the need for sustainable solutions. Increasing interest in natural therapeutics, particularly medicinal plants, has emerged due to their anti-inflammatory and anxiolytic properties. This review explores the therapeutic potential of nine selected medicinal plants (Passiflora incarnata, Withania somnifera, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Spinacia oleracea, Piper betle, Annona squamosa, Aegle marmelos, Matricaria chamomilla, Ocimum sanctum) and their phytoconstituents in mitigating inflammation and anxiety related to air pollution exposure. Through bibliometric analysis, systematic review, and meta-analysis, we evaluate their mechanisms of action, focusing on molecular pathways like cytokine modulation, NF-κB signaling, antioxidant defense, and neurophysiological regulation. The findings highlight the potential of these plants in addressing both systemic and neurological effects of pollution. However, challenges remain in standardizing dosages and conducting long-term clinical studies. Future research should prioritize dosage standardization, synergistic phytochemical interactions, and extensive clinical trials to optimize their therapeutic use in air pollution-related health issues.