Functionalization Of Photocatalytic Nanomanganese Oxide Particles With Alpinia Officinarum For Crystal Violet Degradation

Abstract

This investigation presents a facile and environmentally benign approach for the biosynthesis of nanomanganese oxide (Mn₃O₄) particles employing the dried root extract of Alpinia officinarum. The electronic spectrum has an absorption maximum centred at 510 nm. FTIR spectral examination confirmed the contribution of phytochemicals such as flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds, which likely functioned as surface-active agents, facilitating both reduction and stabilization of the nanoparticles via interaction with the manganese oxide lattice and formation of O-Mn-O and Mn-O bonds by the presence of vibrational peaks at at 608, 498, and 428 cm⁻¹. XRD analysis revealed characteristic diffraction peaks confirming the formation of a well-defined tetragonal hausmannite manganese oxide lattice structure. SEM imaging demonstrated that the nanoparticles were within the nanoscale range and exhibited irregular morphology with rough surface textures. Elemental analysis via EDX verified the incorporation of manganese (Mn) and oxygen (O) elements. TEM analysis depicted the shape to be elongated rod shaped along with irregular spherical particles and the average size was calculated to be 20.2 nm respectively. The manganese oxide nanoparticles were subjected to catalyse degradation of crystal violet under sunlight and UV-Vis light. The efficiency was evaluated to be 47.98 % and 66.90 % respectively in sunlight and UV-Vis light exposure.