Nanoparticles Toxicity in Aquatic Ecosystems: Experimental Evidence from Species

Abstract

The widespread use of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in industrial, biomedical, and consumer products has led to their inevitable release into aquatic ecosystems, raising urgent concerns about their ecotoxicological effects. This paper investigates the toxicity of various nanoparticles (including silver, titanium dioxide, and zinc oxide) on aquatic species ranging from algae and crustaceans to fish and amphibians. Experimental findings from recent studies demonstrate that ENPs can induce oxidative stress, cellular damage, behavioral alterations, and reproductive impairments, even at low concentrations. The toxicity is influenced by factors such as particle size, shape, surface coating, concentration, and exposure time. Moreover, species-specific sensitivity and environmental variables (e.g., water pH, salinity, and organic matter) further complicate toxicity outcomes. Through a synthesis of laboratory data and ecological relevance, this study highlights the pressing need for standardized toxicity testing protocols and regulatory frameworks. The findings advocate for a precautionary approach in nanoparticle production and usage, especially in regions close to sensitive aquatic habitats.