Shifting the Paradigm: Enhancing Walkability to Mitigate Air Pollution in Urban India

Abstract

India has been the world's fastest-growing major economy. At its current growth rate, the country's urban population is projected to soar to an astounding 600 million by 2030 (WUP, 2018). As per the 2011 Census, India had 53 cities with populations exceeding one million. Population growth significantly impacts the number of motor vehicles in many developing countries. As the population grows, individual consumption levels of goods and services also rise. In today's world, transport is a vital service for people, making the size of the transportation sector highly responsive to population changes. The growth rate of motor vehicles has been predominantly concentrated in major cities. Heavy reliance on motorized vehicles has led to externalities such as traffic congestion, road accidents, challenges for active transportation (walking and cycling), air pollution, and noise pollution. India's transport sector accounts for approximately 17% of the country's total energy consumption and contributes 60% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from various activities. The transport sector is also recognized as a significant contributor to air pollution, which negatively affects public health. Urban planners must prioritize Non-Motorized Transport (NMT), such as walking and cycling, in their planning efforts. The paradigm shift from vehicles to NMT can guide the nation toward sustainability. This study examines how enhancing walkability, a key component of NMT, can contribute to reducing air pollution. Key factors influencing walkability and its connection to air pollution include the impact of increased pedestrian activity, which enhances Quality of Life (QoL). Additionally, a paradigm shift toward sustainable transportation modes like buses, metros, and walking has been noted. The findings of these studies highlight the need to create comfortable walking environments, establish protected bicycle lanes, and explore methods to replicate such initiatives on other busy streets across India to enhance Quality of Life (QoL).