Exploring Silicon Dose Effects On Disease And Cadmium Control In CCN-51 Cacao (Theobroma Cacao) Via Image Processing

Abstract

The CCN-51 variety of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) stands out as one of the most profitable crops in Ecuador. However, its production is threatened by diseases such as moniliasis (Moniliophthora roreri), witches' broom (M. perniciosa), and black pod (Phytophthora sp.), which adversely affect its yield. In this context, the inclusion of silicon in the phytosanitary practices of CCN-51 cocoa emerges as a viable alternative to improve the crop's phytosanitary condition. The main objective of this research was to assess the impact of different silicon doses on the phytosanitary management of cocoa using image processing. The trials were conducted in a 15-year-old CCN-51 cocoa plantation, employing a completely randomized block design (CRBD) that included the following treatments: T1 (N-P-K), T2 (100 kg/ha of SiO₂), T3 (200 kg/ha of SiO₂), and T4 (300 kg/ha of SiO₂). Two silicon applications were performed during the trial. Agronomic variables, including yield, were examined. Additionally, the severity of moniliasis, witches' broom, and black pod was assessed using visual scales and the Leaf Doctor software. At the conclusion of the study, it was determined that the application of silicon at a dose of 100 kg/ha (T2) had a positive impact on the health of CCN-51 cocoa pods, exhibiting the highest number of healthy pods. This treatment showed lower incidence of moniliasis and black pod, although no significant differences were observed in the incidence of witches' broom. Furthermore, this treatment demonstrated a higher productive response, with a yield of 2.19 kg in the evaluated plot, and a better Benefit/Cost Ratio (1.12) compared to other treatments. Additionally, the use of silicon can reduce cadmium levels in cacao crops.