Modification of Gutta-Percha in Endodontics: Surface Treatments and Nanoparticle Enhancements – An EvidenceBased Review

Abstract

Endodontic treatment relies on effective cleaning, shaping, and obturation of the root canal system to eliminate microbial contamination and prevent reinfection. Gutta-percha (GP) remains the gold-standard core material due to its biocompatibility, dimensional stability, and long history of successful clinical use. However, GP lacks inherent antibacterial properties and adhesion to dentin, increasing the risk of persistent infection and treatment failure. Recent research has focused on enhancing GP through surface modifications, incorporation of antimicrobial agents, and nanotechnology-based approaches to improve its sealing ability, mechanical properties, and antibacterial efficacy. This review discusses the chemical composition, physical characteristics, and thermomechanical behavior of GP, followed by a comprehensive analysis of surface-modified and nanoparticle-enriched GP, including silver, nanodiamond, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, gold, silica, calcium hydroxide, copper, and selenium nanoparticles. Findings from existing studies highlight significant improvements in antimicrobial activity, bonding strength, and sealing performance, suggesting that advanced GP formulations hold strong potential for reducing reinfection rates and improving long-term endodontic treatment outcomes. Further clinical studies are warranted to validate these promising results and establish standardized protocols for their use.