Phytosomes: Bridging Nature And Nanotechnology For Enhanced Drug Delivery

Abstract

The development of phytosomal drug delivery systems represents a significant advancement in natural medicine, addressing longstanding challenges associated with botanical compounds, including poor absorption and permeation rates, as well as limited bioavailability. The molecular interaction between phytoconstituents and phospholipids, particularly phosphatidylcholine, results in the formation of phytosomes, which substantially improve the lipophilicity and absorption characteristics of hydrophilic extracts. This phytosomal system provides two primary advantages through its pharmaco-absorptive properties: it enhances the drug's potency while concurrently preventing the enzymatic degradation of bioactive substances. The bioavailability of key compounds, such as curcumin, silybin, and quercetin, is significantly improved when utilizing phytosomal formulations rather than traditional extract preparations. Advances in nanotechnology have facilitated the development of nano-phytosomes and surface-modified stealth phytosomes, which extend clinical applicability by enabling controlled drug release, minimizing systemic toxicity, and enhancing targeted delivery. Several phytosome-based products, including Siliphos®, Meriva®, and Greenselect®, have received regulatory approval and achieved market success in clinical applications. Research into formulation methodologies, such as spray drying and novel biopolymer encapsulation techniques, has improved the stability and shelf life of phytosome products. The increasing demand for safer natural therapeutic alternatives positions phytosomal delivery systems at the forefront of integrating traditional medicine with contemporary pharmaceutical technologies. Future research efforts will focus on the development of intelligent, stimuli-responsive phytosomes and the creation of personalised therapeutic strategies tailored to individual patient needs within the framework of precision herbal medicine. This review examines phytosomal systems, focusing on their design principles, current applications, and future potential for enhancing the efficacy of botanical drugs.