Comparative Study on the Relationship Between Proactive and Reactive Safety Measures in Mining Operations: A Statistical Analysis of Leading and Lagging Indicators

Abstract

Mining operations require comprehensive safety management systems where the effectiveness of safety performance indicators remains critical for preventing accidents and ensuring operational continuity. The statistical relationship between leading and lagging indicators requires empirical validation to optimize safety management strategies. This study statistically analyzes the relationship between leading and lagging safety indicators in mining operations, evaluating their predictive effectiveness through comprehensive data quality assessment, classical assumption testing, and hypothesis validation. A quantitative research approach was employed at PT. Meares Soputan Mining, North Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia, covering July 2024 to June 2025. Statistical analysis included data quality tests (validity and reliability), classical assumption tests (normality, linearity, multicollinearity, and heteroscedasticity), and hypothesis testing using correlation and regression analysis with SPSS 26.0. Data quality tests confirmed instrument validity (r > 0.361, p < 0.05) and high reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.847). Classical assumption tests validated normal distribution (Shapiro-Wilk p > 0.05), linear relationships (ANOVA linearity p < 0.05), absence of multicollinearity (VIF < 10), and homoscedasticity (Breusch-Pagan p > 0.05). Hypothesis testing revealed significant negative correlation between total leading indicators and accident frequency (r = -0.683, p = 0.014). Regression analysis showed leading indicators explained 46.7% of variance in accident frequency (R² = 0.467, F = 8.748, p = 0.014). Statistical validation confirms that comprehensive leading indicator implementation significantly predicts accident frequency reduction in mining operations. The established mathematical model provides quantitative evidence for evidence-based safety management decision-making in mining operations.