Efficacy of an Integrated Intervention Model in Improving Peripheral Neuropathy Among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Quasy-Experimental Study

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) with Peripheral Neuropathy (PN) is a common and debilitating complication that does not directly affect quality of life (QoL) at first; rather, it primarily impacts causing weakness, numbness, and pain. This study analyzes the effectiveness of an integrated intervention model in improving PN outcomes among T2D patients in Kendari, Indonesia. A quasi-experimental design. A modified instrument was developed by integrating the Chinese Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale (C-DMSES), the Diabetes Empowerment Scale (DES), and the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI) to assess diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). The supporting theories are Bandura's efficacy and Dossey's integrated intervention theories. Participants were divided into treatment and control groups. Statistical analyses included bivariate analysis, Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests to determine data distribution, and Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) linear regression for multivariate analysis. Results showed self-efficacy scores, with increases of 16.59 by the 3rd month and 16.30 by the 6th month. HbA1c levels in the control group were significantly higher than those in the intervention group (62.48 vs. 29.81), and DPN scores were considerably higher than those in the intervention group at both the 3rd month (68.83 vs. 23.18) and the 6th month (68.83 vs. 23.18). The findings suggested the integrated intervention model demonstrated practical potential for broader implementation in nursing. Future research should address limitations such as the lack of family participation, uncontrolled risk factors, and imbalanced gender representation. Extending facilitator training and enhancing collaboration are also recommended to optimize the impact on self-efficacy, glycemic control, and neuropathy outcomes.