Extremism And The Sanctification Of Individuals In Light Of The Qur’an And Sunnah: A Sharia-Based Analysis Of Its Impact On Environmental And Social Quality Of Life

Abstract

This study provides a Sharia-based analysis of the phenomenon of extremism (ghulūw) in and the sanctification of individuals, grounded in the Qur’an and the Prophetic Sunnah. It focuses on identifying the root causes of this phenomenon and its multidimensional negative impacts on both environmental and social quality of life. The research begins by defining ghulūw linguistically and terminologically according to Islamic law, and it highlights historical and doctrinal examples of extremism across ages, from pre-Islamic nations (such as Jews and Christians) to sects affiliated with Islam (such as the Sabaʾiyya, certain Sufi groups, and the Twelver Shia). The study extensively examines the stances of the Holy Qur’an and the Prophetic Sunnah on this phenomenon, showcasing their methods of warning against its consequences. The research analyzes the primary causes of ghulūw, including religious ignorance, unregulated religious fervor, adherence to ambiguous texts, and blind imitation. In a pivotal section, the study discusses the profound negative effects of extremism on the social quality of life—including the degradation of human dignity, the excommunication of Muslims (takfīr), rebellion against rulers leading to instability, the stagnation of the intellect, the spread of ignorance and injustice, civilizational decline, and the fragmentation of the Muslim community through sectarianism and partisanship. It analytically links these outcomes to their broader impact on the quality and sustainability of the environment. The study concludes that the Islamic principles of moderation (wasaṭiyyah) and balance are the ultimate recourse for addressing this affliction, offering an integrated vision for achieving secure, stable, and prospering societies, both environmentally and socially.