Pyrazoline-Based Molecules In Antimicrobial Research: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Pyrazoline derivatives have become important compounds in medicinal chemistry because of their extensive array of biological activities, especially their antibacterial properties. The escalating problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the rising incidence of fungal infections underscore the urgent demand for new therapeutic agents. Pyrazoline derivatives, characterized by their unique five-membered heterocyclic framework, exhibit strong antibacterial and antifungal effects through mechanisms that involve interactions with microbial enzymes, DNA, and cellular membranes. Developments in synthetic methods, including environmentally friendly techniques and computational drug design, have facilitated the synthesis of derivatives with enhanced efficacy and reduced resistance. This review encapsulates recent progress in the synthesis, structural diversity, and biological efficacy of pyrazoline derivatives, emphasizing their significance in addressing global infectious disease challenges. It also reviews commercially available antimicrobial agents and the specific modifications that enhance pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. The potential future applications of pyrazoline derivatives in combating AMR and invasive fungal infections are thoroughly examined, offering a comprehensive reference for advancing research and therapeutic innovations in this field.