Eco-Colonialism and Public Health: Anti-Malarial Fishery Programs in Colonial Madras Presidency

Abstract

This research examines the pioneering role of the Madras Fisheries Department in combating malaria in colonial South India through biological control measures, particularly the use of larvicidal fish. Focusing on the period between 1908 and 1926, it explores how fisheries officials such as Mr. Wilson, Sir F. A. Nicholson and James Hornell developed and implemented ecological strategies to reduce mosquito populations in tanks, wells and moats across the Madras Presidency. The study highlights experimental work conducted at Sunkesula and Ippur fish farms, municipal partnerships for fish distribution and the innovative transformation of malaria-infested fort moats at Vellore and Chingleput into productive fish farms. Drawing from administrative reports, archival records, fisheries reports and ecological observations, the research demonstrates how these anti-malarial measures reduced disease incidence. By analyzing these efforts as a case of early integrated development policy, the paper contributes to broader discussions on colonial public health, environmental governance and sustainable rural livelihoods. It underscores the significance of localized, eco-sensitive interventions in addressing interconnected challenges of health and economic development in colonial India.