Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Post-COVID-19 Patients

Abstract

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in substantial global morbidity and mortality. Beyond its acute respiratory effects, a growing body of evidence indicates that many patients continue to experience persistent symptoms after recovery, commonly termed “long COVID” or post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). Among these, musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) have emerged as a significant and disabling feature, with symptoms including myalgia, arthralgia, chronic fatigue, and muscle weakness.

Objective: This article aims to evaluate the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in post-COVID-19 patients and to summarize the implications for healthcare and rehabilitation.

Methods: A review of published observational studies, cohort analyses, and systematic reviews was conducted using databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Studies from 2020 to 2024 reporting musculoskeletal outcomes in post-COVID patients were included. Prevalence rates, symptom characteristics, and population patterns were analyzed, and graphical representation was used to illustrate key findings.

Results: Musculoskeletal disorders were found to be highly prevalent among post-COVID-19 populations, with reported prevalence ranging between 30% and 60% depending on study design and population characteristics. The most frequent symptoms included myalgia (40–50%), arthralgia (30–40%), chronic fatigue syndrome (≈40%), and muscle weakness (35–45%). These symptoms significantly impaired functional capacity and quality of life. Higher prevalence was observed in females, older adults, and those with severe acute COVID-19 infections.

Conclusion: Musculoskeletal disorders represent a major burden of long COVID, contributing to physical disability, reduced quality of life, and increased healthcare needs. Early recognition, comprehensive rehabilitation strategies, and multidisciplinary management are essential to address these challenges. Further longitudinal research is warranted to clarify long-term trajectories and guide evidence-based interventions.