Water Resources Policy Framework in Jharkhand, India: Evolution, Implementation, And Future Directions

Abstract

This study examines the evolution, implementation, and future directions of water resources governance in Jharkhand, India, with a focus on irrigation policy, budgetary allocations, and the performance of irrigation schemes. Drawing upon official government reports, spatial datasets, and budget analyses for 2023–24 and 2024–25, the research integrates geospatial mapping, statistical evaluation, and policy review. Results reveal that irrigation potential created (IPC) has increased by 12.4%, from 8.95 lakh ha in 2019–20 to 10.06 lakh ha in 2023–24, yet utilisation efficiency remains below 75% in 11 districts, with gaps exceeding 25% in areas with low Water Users Association (WUA) participation. State budget allocations to irrigation schemes rose from ₹2,312 crore in 2019–20 to ₹3,054 crore in 2024–25, but groundwater levels in hard-rock aquifers continue to decline at an average rate of 0.3–0.5 m/year. The study uniquely links financial trends with spatial and hydrogeological indicators, providing an integrated perspective on budget, policy, and outcomes. Findings highlight the need for aquifer-specific planning, targeted modernisation of irrigation infrastructure, performance-linked budgeting, and climate-resilient management strategies. These insights have direct implications for improving participatory governance, enhancing resource efficiency, and aligning allocations with measurable outcomes in Jharkhand’s water sector.