A Comprehensive Review of Threats, Vulnerabilities, Performance Parameters, and Alleviation Techniques in Blockchain-Based Record-Keeping and Accessibility Systems

Abstract

Blockchain technology has emerged as a transformative tool in the field of education, particularly for ensuring the authenticity, transparency, and security of academic credentials. This research paper explores the applicability of blockchain-based systems for the issuance and validation of degree certificates. This paper also gives a comprehensive review of key threats and vectors of attack, including smart contract threats as well as potential attacks on a network level, and assesses countermeasures to increase system robustness. At the same time, it evaluates keystone performance indicators such as scalability, latency, throughput, privacy compliance, interoperability, and cost-effectiveness that are all determinant in the measurement of the viability and sustainability of blockchain implementation in large educational establishments. On the basis of modern literature, empirical and technical evaluations, as well as case studies, the paper shows how blockchain can provide tamper-free, internationally verifiable study records and comply with data-protection policies. These findings further the new intellectual framework around decentralized educational technologies and provide a strategic roadmap of institutions considering blockchain adoption of digital credentialing.