Reconciling Ecological Sustainability And Economic Development: An Analysis Of Sustainable Tourism Practices In The Loktak Lake Region, Manipur

Abstract

Loktak Lake, the largest freshwater lake in Northeast India, represents a complex socio-ecological system that is ecologically significant and economically vital. It sustains endemic biodiversity, including the endangered Sangai deer (Rucervus eldii eldii), supports thousands of local fishers, and plays a central role in regional hydrology, agriculture, and cultural identity. However, this Ramsar-designated wetland has been increasingly subjected to ecological degradation due to anthropogenic interventions such as the Ithai Barrage, land-use changes, pollution, and unregulated tourism activities. These challenges have led to the deterioration of floating biomass formations known as phumdis, loss of habitat, water quality decline, and growing tension between conservation and development objectives. This study investigates the potential of sustainable tourism as a reconciliatory mechanism between ecological preservation and economic development in the Loktak Lake region. Employing a multidisciplinary approach, the research integrates ecological assessment, stakeholder analysis, and policy review to evaluate existing tourism practices and their impact on environmental and socio-economic systems. Findings reveal that community-based ecotourism initiatives—such as locally managed homestays and cultural heritage tours—demonstrate promise in generating income while fostering conservation awareness. However, top-down tourism development projects often marginalize local stakeholders and exacerbate environmental pressures. The study recommends three main interventions:

(1) implementation of adaptive hydrological management to restore ecological balance;

(2) development of inclusive, participatory governance frameworks recognizing the rights of indigenous communities; and

(3) establishment of strict environmental regulations to guide tourism infrastructure and practices.

In conclusion, sustainable tourism in Loktak Lake must be reframed not merely as an economic venture, but as a strategic instrument for long-term ecological restoration and inclusive development. When embedded in participatory, culturally sensitive, and ecologically informed planning, tourism can contribute significantly to the resilience of wetland ecosystems and local livelihoods.