Beyond Deterministic Models: Neutrosophic Insights into Cognitive Depth Assessment in Ghanaian Tertiary Institutions

Abstract

This study explored the application of neutrosophic analysis to assess Depth of Knowledge (DoK) levels among mathematics students in a Ghanaian tertiary institution. Data from 51 students from Ada College of Education, Ghana were analyzed, incorporating test scores across Trigonometry, Functions, Algebra, Probability, and Calculus domains as predictors. Neutrosophic ternary plots, heatmaps, and boxplots revealed significant indeterminacy in advanced cognitive classifications, underscoring limitations in deterministic assessment models. Moderation and mediation analyses confirmed M1's significant role in influencing predictor-outcome dynamics. The findings advocate for integrating uncertainty measures in educational assessments to enhance cognitive classification reliability and instructional responsiveness.