Biodiversity And Ecosystem Fundamentals And Challenges For Green Environment Sustainability

Abstract

This paper examines the foundational concepts of biodiversity and ecosystems, elucidating their roles in underpinning green environmental sustainability. We explore ecosystem structure and function, species interactions, ecosystem services, and resilience mechanisms that facilitate ecosystem stability and productivity. The paper further identifies contemporary challenges—including anthropogenic pressures, habitat loss, climate change, invasive species, governance deficiencies, and data insufficiencies—that threaten biodiversity and ecosystem health. Drawing on the latest empirical and theoretical studies, we highlight the effectiveness of nature-based solutions, ecosystem restoration, and emerging technologies (e.g., AI-enabled monitoring) in fostering sustainability. Finally, policy recommendations are proposed to strengthen governance frameworks, enhance monitoring capacity, and align economic incentives with biodiversity conservation.