The Role Of Vitamin D In Inflammatory Responses Among Adolescents: Nhanes 2021–2023

Abstract

Background: Vitamin D is known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, playing a key role in regulating immune responses. However, research on its effects in adolescent populations remains limited, despite this group being at increased risk for deficiency due to reduced sun exposure, poor diet, and lifestyle factors.

Objective: This study aimed to examine the relationship between vitamin D levels and markers of inflammation—specifically high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and white blood cell count (WBCs)—in the U.S. adolescents aged 10–19 years.

Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2021–2023. Data were analyzed using RStudio software. General linear regression was performed, and inflammatory biomarkers were assessed separately, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05.

Results: The analysis included initially 2,069 participants (M: 1,041; F: 1,028), with a mean age of 14.43 years (SD = 2.94). Serum vitamin D levels were suboptimal (<50 nmol/L) in 79% of adolescents, while only 21% achieved sufficient levels (≥75 nmol/L). A weak positive correlation was observed between 25(OH)D₂ + 25(OH)D₃ and hsCRP (r = 0.015) and WBCs (r = 0.002), though these were not statistically significant. However, inflammation was significantly predicted by gender, BMI, ethnicity, and general health status (all p < 0.0001).

Conclusion: Although vitamin D levels were not directly associated with inflammation in this adolescent population, the high prevalence of suboptimal vitamin D remains a significant public health concern. These findings underscore the importance of ongoing monitoring of vitamin D status in adolescents and suggest that other factors may play a more prominent role in inflammation. Further research with larger samples and a broader range of inflammatory biomarkers is recommended.