An Overview Of The In- Vivo And In- Vitro Models Used To Assess Potent Antiurolithiatic Drugs

Abstract

The development of kidney stones, known as urolithiasis, involves complex physicochemical processes, including, nucleation, growth, aggregation, supersaturation and retention in the kidney. While Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) is a commonly employed procedure to treating kidney stones, it carries the risk of stone recurrence and infection, and exposure to therapeutic shock waves can lead to acute renal damage. Despite advancements in understanding the biology and symptoms of kidney stones, effective medications for clinical therapy remain elusive. As an alternative or complementary approach, phototherapeutic drugs from medicinal herbs have shown promise in both in vitro and vivostudies for the treatment of lithiasis. These phytomedicine remedies are considered safe, effective, socially acceptable, and often have fewer side effects compared to synthetic medications, making them a traditional choice for kidney stone treatment throughout history.Through a comprehensive evaluation, various single herbs have been tested in animal models of urolithiasis. Results from these studies have demonstrated that plant extracts effectively reduce levels of oxalate, calcium, creatinine, phosphate, uric acid, and BUN, thereby preventing kidney stone formation. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of different animal models used for evaluating antiurolithiatic activity.In this review, all screening models are visible.