Molecular Identification Of Virulence Genes In E. Coli From Fishes In Local Markets In Erbil City

Abstract

Fish serves as a critical source of protein and nutrients in Erbil, Iraq, yet its potential role in transmitting pathogenic bacteria poses significant public health risks. This study investigated the prevalence of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and its virulence associated genes in fresh and frozen fish sold in Erbil’s local markets. A total of 80 fish samples (40 fresh, 40 frozen) were analyzed using culture-based methods and PCR to detect virulence genes (stx1, stx2, eaeA, hlyA, lt). Results revealed a higher contamination rate in fresh fish (65%) compared to frozen samples (38%). Virulence genes were identified in 18% of fresh fish isolatesversus 12% of frozen isolates, though none exhibited high-risk gene combinations (e.g., stx2 + eaeA) linked to severe disease. The predominant genes detected were stx1 and eaeA. These findings underscore the elevated microbial risk associated with fresh fish, likely due to unhygienic handling and inadequate temperature control during supply chain processes. The study emphasizes the need for stringent hygiene protocols in local markets to mitigate food borne pathogen transmission and protect consumer health.