Governance of Solid Waste Management and Public Cleansing Services During a Disaster Crisis of Disease Outbreak in the State of Kedah

Abstract

Solid waste management and public cleaning play an important role in city sustainability, especially after the enactment of the Solid Waste Management and Public Cleaning Act 2007 (Act 672). However, during catastrophic crises such as epidemics, the management of these services faces various challenges that jeopardise the effectiveness of the operations. This study focuses on the tadbir urus management of residual pepejal and public cleaning in Negeri Kedah during the outbreak crisis. Qualitative methods were used through unstructured interviews with SWCorp Negeri Kedah, the local authorities (MBAS), and the concession company E-Idaman Sdn. Bhd. The study was also supported by a research question involving 700 respondents from 13 regions in Kedah with a response rate of 45.75%. Dapatan shows tadbir urus perkhidmatan is implemented collaboratively between the three parties through joint monitoring, strengthening of key performance indicators (KPIs), use of the ISPEMOS and SPKK monitoring systems, and the implementation of public awareness campaigns. A total of 81% of respondents expressed satisfaction with the services provided during the crisis period. However, around 14% to 15% of respondents were of the opinion that alignment and communication between stakeholders still needed to be improved. The main challenges identified included poor coordination between agencies, limited communication with the public, and shortages of human resources and logistics during the crisis. Respondents also suggested suggestions for improvement, including the use of smart technologies such as digital monitoring systems and smart sensors (57.7%), investment in waste management infrastructure (60.4%), and expansion of awareness campaigns to the public (59.2%). As a way forward, this study suggests the establishment of a new management model based on integrated digital monitoring systems and integration of Geographic Information System (GIS) technology. This approach is believed to improve the efficiency, effectiveness, and actionability of public waste management and cleanup services, especially in anticipating future crises.