Unsteady MHD Boundary Layer Stagnation Point Flow Of Ternary Hybrid Nanofluids Over A Porous Stretching Sheet : A Three-Dimensional Perspective

Abstract

This study looks at the three-dimensional unsteady mhd boundary layer stagnation point flow of ternary hybrid nanofluids. It focuses on flow dynamics and heat transfer characteristics when nanoparticles are present. The ternary hybrid nanofluid is made up of a metallic part (Cu, Al₂O₃) and a nonmetallic part (graphene) mixed in a base fluid. The nonmetallic part makes the fluid better by making it less viscous and better at conducting heat. This study discusses the mathematical modeling of fluid flow in the Navier-Stokes equations under the impact of a stagnation point in unsteady motion. The flow field, temperature distribution, and heat transfer rate were studied using different parameters, such as the volume fraction of nanoparticles, the speed of the fluid, its thermal conductivity, and so on. We used the right numerical methods to solve the governing equations, and the results show what ternary hybrid nanofluids are like when they are flowing at an unstable stagnation point. The results reveal that hybrid nanoparticles increased heat transfer significantly, promising for thermal system heat management. We also discuss the major parameters of the results and their implications for engineering applications, including cooling systems, energy generation, and heat exchangers.