Hydroxytyrosol-Mediated Iron Nanoparticles Enhance Erythropoietin And Modulate Immune Response In Phenylhydrazine-Induced Hemolytic Anemia In Rats

Abstract

Anemia is characterized by a decrease in the quantity or function of red blood cells and hemoglobin together, which impairs the blood's ability to transport oxygen efficiently, it remains one of the most prevalent blood disorders and represents a significant global health challenge affecting a significant proportion of the world's population of all ages. Hemolytic anemia characterized by premature erythrocyte destruction. This study evaluates the therapeutic efficacy of green-synthesized iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) using hydroxytyrosol (HXT) in the treatment of phenylhydrazine (PHZ)-induced hemolytic anemia in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The synthesis of iron nanoparticles was carried out in the laboratories of the College of Science, University of Kirkuk. The synthesis process was successfully completed, and the iron nanoparticles were characterized using various techniques. UV-Vis spectroscopy revealed a strong absorption peak at 294 nm, confirming the synthesis of iron nanoparticles. FESEM images revealed quasi-spherical nanoparticles with an average size of 33 nm, followed by animal housing and experimentation in the animal housing. Forty-eight male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into six groups: control, PHZ, FeNPs-HXT, FeCl₃, Feroglobin, and HXT. Biochemical and immunological parameters including erythropoietin (EPO), IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-γ were assessed. FeNPs-HXT significantly restored EPO levels and modulated cytokine profiles more effectively than other treatments. The nanoparticles exhibited higher anti-inflammatory and erythropoietin activity, probably due to the improved bioavailability and antioxidant characteristics of HXT. These findings underscore FeNPs-HXT as a possible therapy candidate for hemolytic anemia.