"Advancements In Routing And Clustering Mechanisms For Next-Generation Manets: Security, Scalability, And Smart Applications

Abstract

MANETs which stands for Mobile Ad hoc networks, which are essentially mobile wireless ad hoc networks providing routing over Link-Layer Ad Hoc networks. All nodes within a mobile ad-hoc network are free and flexible in communicating with one another as long as they are within a physical radius of each other. There has to be the cooperation among k nodes within the mobile ad hoc network so that it functions well. However, due to the inherent characteristics of MANETs, an offending node can really disrupt the routing immediately. Indeed, clustering is very vital in effectively utilizing the routing mechanism and the network lifetime for a larger scale such as MANET. Rebellion performance of the clustering phase would diminish further, if an untrustworthy node was elected as the Cluster Leader (CL). Thus, clustering MANETs is becoming a really hard nut to crack. Some other issues that need to be addressed during the election of a Cluster Leader (CL) are Node Mobility (M), Residual Energy Level (REL), and Trust Value (TV).The scope for intelligent solutions in the fields of efficiency, convenience, and traffic safety has greatly widened with recent advancements in computer systems, smart transport systems, and communications. Despite this, MANET is still susceptible to severe security attacks that are hard to counter with current protections. As it has to take network dynamics and energy limitations into account, a MANET routing protocol is an optimisation problem. Hence, for enhancing MANET security, secure routing protocols need to be formulated. This comprehensive literature review critically examines the state of routing techniques for ad hoc networks. Routing protocols can be severely challenged by cache management, even as their role becomes more critical in enabling dynamic communication in decentralised networks. This will have a direct impact on network performance and efficiency, and ultimately network quality of service. The aims of this review are to synopsize the outcomes of previous research, determine best practice, and point out any knowledge gaps which need to be addressed in further research. This paper's findings are important because they are a complete resource on effective ways of enhancing routing and clustering and point towards interesting avenues for future research.