The Self And Suffering: Therapeutic Perspectives From Indian Knowledge Systems.

Abstract

Indian philosophical and religious traditions view suffering (duhkha) as an intrinsic aspect of existence. The path to liberation (moksha)lies in transcending the karmic cycle, freeing oneself from the bonds of suffering and attaining ultimate peace (sukha). Duhkha signifies inner turmoil and pain, whereas sukha reflects ease, balance and well-being. Studies comparing Indian and Western perspectives often highlight significant differences in how suffering is understood, experienced and addressed. Western perspectives, particularly within medicine and psychology, tend to focus on identifying and mitigating suffering, mostly emphasizing the role of individual factors and medical interventions.The art and science of Yoga enables the stilling of mental fluctuations through deep non-attachment and transcendence. In this deep quietude of the inner mind, the eternal self (purusha) is realised. Life is then seen as an expression of the greater Self, and in that awakening, we transcend all suffering. This is the ultimate yogic solution to suffering, the discovery of eternal peace and bliss. Understanding these concepts within ancient Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) can help clinicians gain a deeper insight into the inner world of their patients. Healthcare professionals worldwide need to realise that “suffering” in the context of IKS is part of a “larger life context" especially for people of Indian origin. Adoption of culturally appropriate methods enhances effectiveness and creates a holistic approach to therapy.Culture should not be viewed as a rigid barrier or source of division. Human suffering is universal, and clinical psychiatry should focus on shared experiences rather than differences.