Contrasting Paths To Security And Welfare: India And China At The Crossroads

Abstract

This study examines how China and India balance national security with socioeconomic development by contrasting their welfare and security policy frameworks. Using a comparative approach, the analysis draws on data related to government consumption, GDP distribution, social welfare coverage, and defence spending. China's centralized governance has enabled consistent economic growth, targeted poverty reduction, and expanded social safety net coverage, achieving a 9.1% GDP growth rate and 85% welfare coverage. In contrast, India’s democratic and decentralized system results in more fragmented implementation, with regional disparities and trade-offs between security and welfare priorities—reflected in its 6.2% GDP growth and 50% safety net coverage. T-tests confirm statistically significant differences in social spending patterns, income inequality, and educational attainment between the two countries. Despite China's relative success, both nations continue to face challenges with rising inequality. The findings highlight the importance of governance structures in shaping the efficacy of welfare and security strategies and underscore the need for tailored policy frameworks that support inclusive and equitable development.