Recent Trends In Solid Waste Management Techniques

Abstract

India's rapid urban expansion and evolving consumption patterns have significantly heightened the challenges of solid waste management (SWM), calling for more sustainable and innovative approaches. This research evaluates the performance of contemporary SWM practices in five Indian cities, including Pune, Indore, Kochi, Ahmedabad, and Guwahati, by examining their operational efficiency, environmental outcomes, cost viability, and public satisfaction. Utilizing a mixed-methods design, the study integrates data from field surveys, stakeholder interviews, waste composition audits, and secondary municipal records. Findings indicate that biodegradable materials constitute the largest portion of municipal waste (ranging from 44.3% to 52.1%), presenting opportunities for composting and waste-to-energy initiatives. Indore demonstrated exceptional performance, achieving 97.2% waste collection efficiency, 82.1% source segregation, energy recovery of 245 kWh per tonne, and the lowest operational cost (INR 1480/tonne), alongside the highest satisfaction score (4.5/5). In contrast, Kochi and Guwahati faced challenges with lower segregation rates and weaker service coverage. The study concludes that sustainable SWM outcomes rely not only on technological advancements but also on integrated governance, strategic planning, and active citizen engagement.