Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells And Their Role In Decarbonizing The Energy Sector: A Review Of Environmental Benefits

Abstract

Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (IT-SOFCs) have emerged as a promising energy conversion technology that supports global efforts to reduce carbon emissions and transition toward cleaner energy systems. Operating at temperatures between 500°C and 700°C, IT-SOFCs offer a balanced compromise between high efficiency and material stability, enabling lower greenhouse gas emissions, negligible NOₓ and particulate matter release, and compatibility with a wide range of fuels, including hydrogen, biogas, and ammonia. This review highlights the environmental benefits of IT-SOFCs and their practical role in decarbonizing the energy sector. Emphasis is placed on their integration with renewable energy systems, application in decentralized and off-grid scenarios, and potential in Combined Heat and Power (CHP) configurations. Furthermore, real-world case studies and policy initiatives are discussed to demonstrate commercial viability and ongoing deployment trends. While current challenges include high capital costs and long-term durability concerns, continued advances in materials and system design are steadily overcoming these barriers. The findings suggest that IT-SOFCs are well-positioned to play a central role in the development of a low-carbon, efficient, and resilient energy infrastructure.