Paracetamol Sensing Via Modified Electrodes Based On NanoStructured Bi(III) Schiff Base–Nio Composites

Abstract

In this study, the developed a series of nano-structured Bi(III) Schiff base complexes and their NiO-based hybrids for detecting paracetamol (PA) using electrochemical methods. Modified glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs) were tested using cyclic voltammetric (CV), differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) and square wave voltammetric (SWV) at pH 1.0 under ion beam irradiation (25 to 100 mV/s). Among them, the NiO–Nitro Schiff base Bi(III) composite (NiO–Nitro SBC) showed the best performance, delivering a DPV peak current of 67.8 µA at potential 0.59 V nearly ten times higher than the bare GCE. It also showed excellent sensitivity (0.052 µA/µM), a low detection limit (0.29 µM), and strong linearity (R² = 0.9993). results supported these findings with a peak current of 57.6 µA and R² = 0.9998. These improvements stem from the synergistic effects of NiO, redox-active Bi (III), and nitro groups. Overall, the modified electrode offers a promising platform for sensitive and reliable paracetamol detection.