In vitro evaluation of Cannabis sativa seed (hemp seed) extracts for anthelmintic activity against Pheretima posthuma

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro anthelmintic activity of Cannabis sativa (hemp) seed oil, extracted using n-hexane solvent in a Soxhlet apparatus, against Pheretima posthuma (earthworm model). Helminthiasis, a prevalent parasitic infection caused by helminths, negatively impacts human health, livestock productivity, and agricultural development. Due to growing resistance and side effects associated with synthetic anthelmintics, the search for effective, plant-based alternatives has intensified. Hemp, characterized by a THC content below 0.2%, was selected for its rich phytochemical profile. Qualitative tests were conducted to screen for bioactive components such as flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, steroids, and saponins in the seed oil. The extract was tested at concentrations of 10 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL, and 50 mg/mL, and the time to induce paralysis and death in Pheretima posthuma was recorded. Saline served as the vehicle control, while albendazole at 10 mg and 25 mg acted as the standard reference. Quantitative analyses included total phenolic content determination using the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and total flavonoid content using the aluminum chloride colorimetric assay. The results revealed that Cannabis sativa seed oil is a potent source of biologically active compounds like flavonoids and phenolic compounds, exhibiting notable anthelmintic effects. These findings support its potential as a natural anthelmintic agent and underscore the need for further pharmacological investigations into its phytoconstituents.