Microplastics in the Food Chain: Assessing Ecological Risks and Advancing Biodegradable Alternatives

Abstract

Microplastics have emerged as an insidious threat to ecosystems, infiltrating every link of the food chain from plankton to humans. This paper critically assesses the ecological risks posed by microplastics in aquatic and terrestrial environments and evaluates emerging biodegradable alternatives as a sustainable solution. Through a multidisciplinary approach integrating environmental science, toxicology, and material innovation, the study highlights the severity of microplastic contamination and its cascading effects on biodiversity, food safety and human health. It further explores innovative biodegradable materials such as biopolymers and natural fiber composites that show promise in replacing conventional plastics. The paper concludes with practical recommendations for mitigation and outlines future research priorities for policy makers, scientists and industries to work toward a plastic-free ecosystem.