Evaluating The Principles Of Islamic Built Environment In Malaysian Public Open Spaces: Insights From Observational Analysis

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the implementation of Islamic Built Environment (IBE) principles in Malaysian public open spaces (POS), focusing on how landscape components reflect core Islamic values in a multicultural context. The research was guided by ten key indicators derived from literature: Tolerance, Integration with Natural Elements, Social Need and Human Comfort, Religious Identity, Spatial Order, Ethical Economy, Intellectual Engagement, Cleanliness and Hygiene, Symbolism of Jannah, and Safety. A qualitative observational approach was employed, supported by a structured visual checklist and photographic documentation across six selected POS sites, KLCC Park, Pintu Gerbang Kota Ismail Petra, Dataran Masjid Zahir, The Stadthuys, Menara Jam Condong, and Laman Mahkota. Supplementary informal interviews were conducted to triangulate community perceptions. Data collection included on-site field observation using a five-point Likert scale to rate IBE indicators. Analysis revealed that IBE implementation is most effective when environments emphasize comfort, inclusivity, natural integration, and functional order over overt symbolic representation. KLCC Park and Dataran Masjid Zahir were found to embody the strongest IBE alignment, particularly in spatial planning and user comfort. These findings suggest that the true essence of IBE lies in fostering ethical, inclusive, and spiritually resonant environments. The outcomes provide valuable guidance for policymakers, urban designers, and landscape professionals in embedding Islamic values into POS design, ensuring relevance, equity, and cultural harmony in Muslim-majority yet pluralistic societies.