Implications Of Farming And Cropping Systems On Groundwater Resource In Berambadi Watershed, Karnataka- A Systematic Review

Abstract

The Berambadi watershed, known for its extensive irrigation practices, plays a crucial role in sustaining agricultural growth. However, the cumulative impact of farming practices, cropping systems, and farm typology has led to a significant alteration in the groundwater gradient, subsequently affecting both water supply and demand in the study area. This systematic review aimed to analyze the repercussions of cropping and farming systems on groundwater resources within the Berambadi watershed. The findings highlight that 60% of households in the watershed have access to groundwater, which has resulted in a substantial increase in groundwater-based irrigation practices. Specifically, the study reveals that irrigation coverage in the Berambadi watershed increased to 15.8% during the Summer, 16.5% during the Kharif, and 13.9% during the Rabi season in 2015-2016, compared to 6.3%, 9.2%, and 15.7% respectively in 2014-2015. Moreover, the percentage of irrigated cropland witnessed a notable transformation, rising from 4% in the upstream, 6% in the middle stream, and 4% in the downstream during the 1990s to 51% in the upstream, 24% in the middle stream, and 19% in the downstream during the 2015 Rabi season, reflecting the evolving cropland patterns within the watershed. Technological advancements and the pursuit of profitable cash crops have spurred intensive groundwater abstractions, leading to a significant decline in the water table by up to 30 meters. The decisions and management strategies employed by farmers have played a crucial role in shaping cropping systems and farm typology, further highlighting the reliance on groundwater irrigation. Therefore, comprehensive investigations are imperative to assess the actual potential effects and the extent of the impact on groundwater resources.