A Hypothetical Study On Ethanol-Enhanced Blends Of Polunga, Karanja, And Pongamia Oil For Sustainable Transport And Pollution Reduction

Abstract

The transport sector still relies on petroleum fuels, and this reliance keeps damaging the environment plus keeps global energy supplies unsafe. This study tests blends of ethanol with oils from three non-edible seeds - Polunga (Calophyllum inophyllum), Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) and Pongamia (Millettia pinnata) - as possible replacements for standard diesel. The objective is to gauge fuel blend quality with seed-based biodiesel during the ethanol burning process, the engine performance on the same, and the nature of the exhaust gas produced. The work follows a two-step process - first the oils convert to biodiesel through trans-esterification - ethanol adds at 5 %, 10 % and 15 % by volume. Tests track changes in fuel attributes like lower viscosity, finer spray as well as higher oxygen content. Expected data show that ethanol raises combustion efficiency, lowers carbon monoxide alongside unburned hydrocarbons by about 20 - 35 % or improves spray break up because the fuel thins. Yet nitrogen oxide exhaust rises 5 - 12 % because flame temperature climbs. Among the three seeds, Pongamia-ethanol blends stay most stable and give the cleanest exhaust. Karanja blends give moderate gains. Polunga blends keep a thicker viscosity even with ethanol - they face handling problems. The study adds evidence that biodiesel ethanol mixtures help move transport toward cleaner, more secure fuels while cutting pollution.