Functional Groups Of Parasitoid Hymenoptera As Key Agents In Sustainable Citrus Pest Management In Algeria

Abstract

Biological control provided by parasitoid Hymenoptera represents a cornerstone of natural pest regulation in citrus agroecosystems, complementing the essential pollination services that sustain agricultural productivity. Despite their ecological and economic importance, the functional structuring of parasitoid communities in orchards remains insufficiently explored. This study investigates the diversity and behavior of auxiliary hymenopteran functional groups associated with citrus orchards in Central Mitidja, Algeria, with the aim of assessing their potential contribution to integrated pest management (IPM). Our analyses highlight that parasitoid diversity is not solely determined by species richness, but rather by functional diversity and the differentiated roles species play within communities. NMDS analyses reveal that dominant species (Encarsia sp., Aphidius sp., Aphelinusmali) exert a structuring influence, while less abundant taxa can nonetheless provide significant functional contributions(Alloxysta sp.). Ecological indices further demonstrate the impact of phytosanitary practices on parasitoid community organization, underscoring the detrimental effects of intensive insecticide use on beneficial insect populations. The findings emphasize that conserving high functional diversity is critical for maintaining ecosystem services, particularly natural pest regulation. By deepening understanding of parasitoid functional groups, this research supports the development of sustainable IPM strategies that preserve natural enemies, reduce reliance on chemical inputs, and enhance the resilience of citrus-growing systems.