Green Evaluation of Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) Batteries: Environmental Consequences of Electrochemical, Thermal, and Aging Factors

Abstract

Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) batteries are increasingly recognized as a sustainable alternative to other lithium-ion chemistries for electric vehicle applications, owing to their enhanced safety, long cycle life, and reduced reliance on critical materials. This study investigates the electrochemical and thermal behaviour of a LiFePO₄ spiral-cell design to assess its performance and identify opportunities for design optimization. A detailed multi-physics model of the LFP cell was developed using Battery Design Studio (BDS), incorporating precise geometric parameters, material properties, and electrolyte characteristics. Electrochemical (RCRTable3D IET) and thermal sub models were integrated to simulate charge-transfer dynamics and heat generation/dissipation under realistic operating conditions. An eight-step cycling protocol was implemented at 1 A and 25 °C, alternating charging to 4.2 V and discharging to 2.5 V, while continuously monitoring voltage, current, and temperature. Analysis of the simulation results revealed. The findings offer critical guidance for refining battery designs to extend cycle life, boost energy efficiency, and improve thermal regulation. This study highlights how comprehensive simulation-based analysis can drive the creation of advanced, eco-friendly Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) battery systems. Such innovations are key to supporting the broader use of sustainable electric mobility technologies, while decreasing dependence on battery chemistries that are more demanding in terms of environmental resources. Future investigations should focus on assessing how different cycling patterns and next-generation materials affect the long-term durability and performance of LFP cells.