A Comprehensive Review On The Multifaceted Value Of Indian Dioscorea And Its Potential: From Traditional Medicine To Nutraceuticals And Industrial Applications

Abstract

The genus Dioscorea, commonly known as yam, represents a vital biological resource in India, with deep roots in traditional medicine and subsistence agriculture. This review systematically consolidates the multifaceted value of Indian Dioscorea species, exploring their journey from ethnobotanical use to modern nutraceutical and industrial applications. We begin by delineating the ethnopharmacological significance of key species such as D. deltoidea, D. bulbifera, and D. oppositifolia, which have been employed in various traditional systems for treating rheumatism, digestive disorders, and diabetes. The paper then provides a critical analysis of the phytochemical constituents, focusing on bioactive compounds like diosgenin, dioscorin, and various polyphenols, which are responsible for their observed pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer effects. The transition of these species from traditional food sources to potential nutraceuticals is examined, highlighting their nutritional profile rich in carbohydrates, dietary fibers, and essential minerals. Furthermore, the review delves into the industrial potential of Dioscorea, particularly the pivotal role of diosgenin as a precursor for the synthesis of steroid hormones in the pharmaceutical industry. We also address the challenges of sustainable cultivation, conservation, and biotechnological interventions like tissue culture to meet industrial demand without compromising natural populations. Finally, the paper identifies future research directions, emphasizing the need for clinical trials, advanced extraction technologies, and value-added product development. This comprehensive assessment underscores the immense potential of Indian Dioscorea as a sustainable source for medicine, food, and industry, bridging traditional knowledge with contemporary scientific validation.