Genesis And Composition Of The Saharan Façade, From Tradition To Contemporary Forms: The Case Of Individual Houses In The City Of Béchar

Abstract

The city of Bechar offers a compelling case study of Saharan urban development. Its origins lie in the ksar, a traditional settlement that embodies a remarkable architectural and social legacy. From the colonial period to the present day, Bechar has experienced significant urban expansion, producing a layered and diverse urban fabric. Within it, three main entities can be identified: the traditional ksourian fabric, the colonial fabric, and the post-colonial urban fabric.

As the most visible dimension of any architectural expression, the façade plays a decisive role. Seen from the outside, it reflects the values and principles that informed the design of the built environment. At the same time, it conveys the functional logic and architectural essence of a building through its structure and constituent elements.

Analyzing façades in Becharian architecture allows us to retrace both its historical evolution and its defining characteristics. This trajectory can be understood through three principal modes: traditional, colonial, and contemporary architecture.

The traditional façade, typically marked by its austere and “blind” outward appearance, contrasts with the more ornate and expressive inner façades of ksourian houses—introverted designs that ensure both thermal comfort and the preservation of social privacy. Despite their apparent simplicity, these compositions testify to the ingenuity of Arab-Muslim builders. Colonial architecture introduced new stylistic currents shaped by modernist influences. In this context, architects sought to adapt design principles to the Saharan environment, often drawing inspiration from the introverted façades of ksourian tradition. Today’s façades reflect a hybrid language, combining elements of modern architecture with local cultural references and construction practices. The result is a composite and often eclectic architectural expression.