Polycystic Ovarian Disease (PCOD) And Women’s Health: Challenges And Emerging Solutions

Abstract

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), also known as PCOD, is the most common endocrine condition affecting people with reproductive-age ovaries.  It has diverse reproductive, metabolic, and psychological characteristics and poses significant long-term cardiometabolic and reproductive concerns.  Prevalence estimates differ depending on diagnostic criteria and geography, however recent meta-analyses and global burden studies put the affected population in the tens of millions globally.  Lifestyle modifications, combined oral contraceptives, metformin, and ovulation induction drugs (particularly letrozole) are common treatments, although many patients continue to endure symptoms, comorbidities, and gaps in care. Emerging treatments and techniques (GLP-1 receptor agonists, precision phenotyping, digital health, and integrated models of care) provide promise for improved outcomes, notably in terms of metabolic characteristics and weight management.  This article reviews current data on epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, clinical consequences, current treatments, and possible improvements, as well as identifies gaps and research objectives to improve women's health in the context of PCOS.