Integrated Retrospective Assessment Of Biochemical And Cardiovascular Parameters In Coronary Artery Disease Patients And Healthy Individuals In Visakhapatnam

Abstract

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of global mortality, accounting for

17.9 million deaths annually. In India, its prevalence continues to rise, with urban regions showing a higher burden compared to rural areas. Visakhapatnam, a rapidly urbanizing coastal city, mirrors this trend, with increasing CAD incidence linked to hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia. Biochemical markers such as glucose indices, lipid profile, serum electrolytes, liver function tests, renal function tests and along with cardiovascular assessments including blood pressure, echocardiography, treadmill testing and coronary angiography are essential tools for evaluating CAD risk and disease progression. An integrated assessment of these parameters may strengthen risk identification and support preventive care.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between biochemical parameters and cardiovascular diagnostic parameters among patients with coronary artery disease and healthy controls, through a retrospective case-control approach in the Visakhapatnam population.

Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at Visakhapatnam using Star Pinnacle Heart Centre hospital records of angiographically confirmed CAD patients (n=200) and age, sex matched controls (n=200). Biochemical data included haemoglobin, blood pressure, serum electrolytes, carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, liver function tests, renal function tests. Cardiovascular parameters like 2D echocardiography and coronary angiography were recorded in patients. Treadmill test (TMT) was conducted in controls. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS V20.

Results: Statistical analysis using the t-test demonstrated a significant difference in haemoglobin levels between the study groups. Parameters related to blood pressure, carbohydrate metabolism and lipid metabolism showed highly significant differences, indicating a strong association with disease status. In contrast, serum electrolytes, liver function tests (LFTs) and renal function tests (RFTs) exhibited no significant variation between the groups. Similarly, chi-square analysis revealed no significant associations for cardiovascular diagnostic findings, including 2D echocardiography, coronary angiography and treadmill test (TMT) results.

Conclusions: the present retrospective analysis demonstrates alterations in haemoglobin, blood pressure, glucose regulation and lipid markers are strongly linked with CAD, whereas electrolyte balance, hepatic, renal indices and cardiac diagnostic tests did not differ between groups. These results point to the clinical value of specific biochemical and cardiovascular measures in recognizing individuals vulnerable to CAD and highlight their potential in shaping preventive and therapeutic approaches.