Hydrology, Ecology, And Geopolitics Of Kashmir’s Rivers, Bharath

Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive study on the rivers of Kashmir, which are vital lifelines for the region's environmental integrity, socio-economic development, and geopolitical stability. The intricate network of rivers in Kashmir, including the Jhelum, Sind, Lidder, Chenab, Veshaw, Neelum, Zanskar, Shyok, and Indus, originates primarily from the glaciers of the Himalayas and the Pir Panjal ranges. These rivers exhibit diverse hydrological and geomorphological characteristics, shaping the valley's agriculture, energy production, and ecological balance. The study delves into the seasonal dynamics of river discharge, the impact of climate change on glacial sources, and the geomorphological variations along river courses. It also highlights the rich aquatic biodiversity supported by these rivers, while raising concerns about ecological degradation due to sand mining, pollution, and deforestation. Furthermore, the paper analyzes the crucial role of rivers in human livelihood through irrigation, hydropower generation, and historical navigation routes. Special attention is given to the strategic importance of these rivers in the context of the Indus Waters Treaty between India and Pakistan, exploring recent geopolitical developments that threaten regional water security. The compounded effects of climate change and human intervention necessitate an integrated approach to river basin management, conservation policies, and transboundary cooperation. This paper, supported by scholarly references and case studies, provides a holistic understanding of the challenges and opportunities linked to the rivers of Kashmir, offering recommendations for sustainable management and future research directions.