Democratising PFAS Remediation: Low-Cost GAC/Ion Exchange Systems for Rural Communities

Abstract

The research presents a review of low-cost PFAS remediation technologies such as granular activated carbon (GAC) and ion exchange (IX) systems, in water communities in rural and small populations and the opportunities of the new EPA rule on PFAS in 2024. A second qualitative literature review of reputable sources underlines the efficiency of GAC and IX removal systems of long- and short-chain PFAS, where IX is found to possess greater adsorption capacity and longer working time, but uncertainties still exist with variable natural waters. Available literature emphasises the importance of long empty bed contact times (EBCT) on GAC to short-chain PFAS, and it singles out the cost and operating issues of the two technologies. The potential solutions are also discussed: hybrid treatment systems and new adsorbents. The major gaps are the lack of information about mixtures of PFAS, in particular at GenX compounds, and the feasibility of rural water supplies characterised by varied water quality and varied infrastructure. The study highlights the presence of customised flexible methods of remediation businesses to address the demands of strict enactments and enhance the availability of PFAS treatment in underserved fields. GAC and IX applications showed standardised>90% PFAS removal in rural pilot tests. The cost of treatment per gallon of treated water varied between 0.004-0.02 $/gal for IX and 0.006-0.03 $/gal GAC, based on EBCT and concentration of influent.