Green Synthesis And Biomedical Potential Of Nanoparticles Derived From Elaeocarpus Ganitrus (Rudraksha): Mechanistic Insights, Therapeutic Applications, And Future Prospects

Abstract

The increasing demand for sustainable nanomaterials has brought green synthesis into the spotlight as an effective, non-toxic alternative to conventional chemical methods. Among various plant-based resources, Elaeocarpus ganitrus Roxb., widely known as Rudraksha, stands out for its rich phytochemical profile and longstanding use in traditional medicine. This plant harbors an array of bioactive constituents—such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids—that contribute to its medicinal efficacy and also enable it to act as a biological reducing and capping agent in nanoparticle synthesis.

This review critically examines recent studies on the green synthesis of silver, gold, and zinc oxide nanoparticles using E. ganitrus extracts. It highlights the methods employed, the nature of synthesized nanoparticles, and the various analytical techniques used for characterization, including UV–visible spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, and DLS. Emphasis is placed on the biomedical potential of these nanoparticles, which have demonstrated strong antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and anticancer properties in vitro. Several studies also provide computational evidence through molecular docking, supporting the interaction of Rudraksha-derived phytochemicals with cancer-related proteins, thereby reinforcing their therapeutic relevance.

Despite the promising in vitro and in silico results, gaps remain in the translation of this technology to clinical applications. The lack of in vivo studies, standardized synthesis protocols, and long-term toxicity assessments present significant hurdles. This review identifies these limitations and outlines directions for future investigation, positioning E. ganitrus as a potent, eco-friendly resource in the field of nanomedicine and bioactive nanomaterial development.