Next-Generation Insights into Parkinson’s Disease: A Comprehensive Review with Diagnosis, Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Frontiers

Abstract

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neuro degenerative disorder of the dopaminergic neurons mainly in the substantia nigra, which causes the lack of motor dysfunction and various non-motor symptoms. Here, the review not only uncovers an essential review of the pathogenesis of PD, but complex pathogenesis includes an α-synuclein cluster, mitochondrial and lysosomal abnormalities, neuroinflammatory response, and gut-brain axis. It also talks about the issue of making a diagnosis and that clinical manifestations are heterogeneous. The standard treatment is symptomatic, and levodopa treatment methods are the core, although they have long-term side effects. New treatments, such as pilot gene therapy, immunotherapy and mitochondrial-targeted agents, provide hope in changing the disease. Individualized care and diagnosis is rechanging with advances in precision medicine, neuroimaging, and biomarkers. The issue of physical exercise, multidisciplinary applications, and inclusions of digital health tools were mentioned as crucial elements of PD management. Research with more and more innovation is essential to coming up with therapies that changing the course of the disease and enhancing quality of life of PD patients.