Unveiling The Pharmacognostical, Macroscopical, Microscopical Features And Potent Antioxidant Activity Of Molluva Spicata Stem Extract

Abstract

The present study investigates the pharmacognostic, physicochemical, phytochemical, and antioxidant properties of the stem of Moullava spicata, a robust woody climber endemic to the Western Ghats. Macroscopical examination revealed characteristic features including recurved prickles, woody cylindrical stems, and nodal joints, while microscopical evaluation demonstrated a distinct circular outline with epidermis, cortex, well-developed vascular bundles, and large parenchymatous pith. Powder microscopy confirmed diagnostic elements such as xylem vessels and lignified fibers. Physicochemical constants were established, with total ash (7.40%), acid-insoluble ash (1.30%), water-soluble ash (2.70%), and loss on drying (6.66%), providing baseline parameters for quality control. Phytochemical screening of the alcoholic extract indicated the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, carbohydrates, proteins, and oils, while inorganic analysis revealed sodium, potassium, sulphates, phosphates, and chlorides. Antioxidant potential was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and reducing power assays. Results showed significant concentration-dependent activity, with inhibition values ranging from 25.45% to 83.54%, though lower than standard references. These findings suggest that Moullava spicata stem is a rich source of secondary metabolites and natural antioxidants, supporting its ethnomedicinal relevance and providing a foundation for further pharmacological and therapeutic exploration.