A Comprehensive Review on Optimal PMU Deployment: Challenges, Developments, and Future Directions in Wide-Area Power System Monitoring

Abstract

Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) technology has emerged as an essential component in modern power systems due to its superior resolution and real-time monitoring capabilities, which far surpass those of conventional estimation tools used in wide-area surveillance. PMUs provide synchronized measurements of voltage and current phasors, which are crucial for accurate state estimation and for enhancing system reliability to prevent widespread blackouts. However, the adoption of PMUs is often constrained by their high cost and complex installation requirements. A key advantage of PMUs lies in their ability to observe adjacent buses, enabling full system observability through strategic, optimal placement of a limited number of units often fewer than the total number of buses. Over the past two decades, this optimization challenge has been the focus of extensive research. Recognizing the significance of this area, this paper presents a comprehensive review of the advancements achieved to date and critically examines the shortcomings of existing literature. It highlights unresolved issues in the domain of optimal PMU placement and aims to offer fresh insights that will guide future research, ultimately helping to bridge the gaps and drive innovation in power system monitoring.