The Role of Garlic in Reducing Cardiovascular Risk Among Hypertensive Patients: A Narrative Review for Nursing Practice

Abstract

Hypertension represents a widespread global health concern and is a primary modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), playing a significant role in global mortality rates. Although effective pharmacological treatments exist, various obstacles such as inadequate medication adherence, side effects, and limited access impede optimal blood pressure management, especially in low-resource environments. Approaches in complementary and integrative medicine (CIM), such as dietary phytotherapeutics, have garnered attention as supplementary strategies. Garlic (Allium sativum), in particular, has been thoroughly examined for its advantages to cardiovascular health. It contains bioactive sulfur compounds like allicin, diallyl disulfide, and S-allyl cysteine, which demonstrate vasodilatory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, lipid-lowering, and antithrombotic effects. These compounds enhance endothelial function, regulate nitric oxide bioavailability, inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), and positively affect lipid metabolism and inflammatory pathways. Clinical research, including randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses, validates garlic's effectiveness in lowering both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, with results comparable to standard antihypertensives in cases of mild to moderate hypertension. Additionally, garlic's availability, cost-effectiveness, and cultural acceptance make it a practical complementary intervention, particularly in resource-limited areas. This narrative review consolidates current findings regarding garlic’s pharmacodynamics, clinical effectiveness, safety, and its incorporation into hypertension treatment strategies. The review further emphasizes the vital role of nurses in evaluation, patient education, monitoring, and culturally sensitive care to safely introduce garlic supplementation into holistic hypertension management plans. Integrating garlic into comprehensive cardiovascular care may enhance blood pressure regulation and diminish CVD risk, aligning with global public health initiatives advocating for sustainable, food-based solutions.